Where is the parking!?!
As part of my emphasis in Geographic Information System Science, I recently completed a quarter-long project in which we produced updated maps of on-campus bicycle parking as well as spatial analysis of parking adequacy on campus. Using ArcGIS, my team updated locations of all racks as needed and collected additional 'attribute' information describing the condition of each rack. We then created a web map service using ArcServer where a user can see the location of each rack, and chose a rack which best suites their parking needs. Below is is an excerpt of our final paper. Please view the
online map, and slowly double click on any bike rack (dark blue) to view additional info about the rack.
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| Parking Adequacy based on Building Occupancy |
Introduction
Bicycles are everywhere on the UCSB campus, and it seems as though bike parking is constantly in short supply. Racks are not available near all buildings, and existing racks are often full or in poor condition. According to the survey administered by Associated Students Bicycle Improvements Keep Everyone Safe (A.S. B.I.K.E.S.), 80% of students ride a bike to class every day. Many maps of bike rack locations exist, but they are often outdated and do not contain any information regarding the capacity or condition of racks.
The UCSB community would benefit from an updated, comprehensive map of campus bicycle parking. For each rack, the map would indicate surface type, presence of night time lighting, presence of U-lock accommodating space-saver racks, as well as the number of spaces. Such a map would aid campus administrators and planners in understanding where additional rack capacity is needed, and where racks need safety or capacity improvements. Ideally, all buildings on campus would be located in close proximity to lighted, paved, space saving racks. A key benefit comes in that U-locks are easier to use properly with space-saving racks, and so greater distribution of these U-lock compatible racks would increase securely locked bicycles, and decrease bike and wheel theft.
Students can utilize the map via an
interactive online portal, which shows each rack along with detailed attribute information to aide informed decision-making. For example, a student working late on campus may want to find a rack with nighttime lighting. On a rainy day, students may wish to find racks that have pavement instead of dirt surfaces. Some students may wish to seek out space-saving racks for their convenience or security.
A key outcome of this project was the development of a method of comparing spatial densities. Density comparison is an ongoing challenge in GIS, and we have developed a workable solution which, given certain assumptions about bike rack demand, we were able to use to produce a map of rack adequacy for a large portion of main campus.
Motivations and Objectives
Based on our own experiences as biking students and the survey information provided by A.S. B.I.K.E.S., we identified several variables relevant to bike parking security. An important objective of the project was to identify U-lock compatible bike racks. A U-Lock compatible rack allows the owner to lock the frame of the bike to an immovable surface, which makes it less vulnerable to theft. Another variable related to the safety of the bike and the owner is whether or not a bike is parked in a lit location. We also specified the type of pavement as cement, gravel or dirt based on our manual data collection in order to objectively classify rack quality.
We formulated several project goals. Our primary goal was to create a new ICM layer of the campus bike parking data that would clearly show locations of bike racks and the number of spots per rack in order to increase the decision making capacity of the community. We also planned to determine where additional bike racks are needed by performing an analysis of building occupancy.
Data Collection
The project began with a visit to every bike rack on campus. Group members collected detailed attribute data including rack name/description, pavement type, and number of spaces, as well as ‘yes/no’ values indicating the presence of night time lighting or space-saver racks. Campus Planning and Design provided a geodatabase feature class containing most campus bicycle racks and we converted this feature class into a shapefile. The attribute data collected for each feature was then input into the shapefile’s attribute table using the ‘editor’ toolbar in ArcMap. Each rack was assigned to the nearest building in the building layer of the interactive campus map using the spatial join tool. The summarize tool was then used to produce a table which indicated how many racks were assigned to each building as well as the total number of parking spaces available for that building.
In order to determine if a building had adequate bike parking, we obtained Gaucho On-Line Database (GOLD) enrollment data for Spring 2012. This data was then parsed to determine the peak building occupancy for each building on campus for which data was available. We calculated each building’s bike parking needs based on 80% of its maximum occupancy, as A.S. B.I.K.E.S survey data indicates that 80% of students use a bicycle to get to class every day. A new “rack adequacy” field was created in the rack shapefile attribute table, and then was populated using the field calculator tool. For each building, the rack adequacy percentage was determined by dividing the number of spaces by 80% of expected peak occupancy. A rack adequacy of 100% or above is considered to have optimal parking, 50-100% was considered adequate, and less than 50% was considered sub-adequate.
Results
This map shows the attribute data collected for the different racks. If a rack was both u-lock compatible and lit at night, this rack would be designated as 'optimal.' The map below shows areas of campus within 100 meters of an 'optimal rack.' There is a large corridor of campus from the University Center northeast to campus green and the engineering building which is not served by optimal racks, and these areas should be highest priority for rack upgrades.
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Map showing if racks are u-lock compatible,
lit at night, both, or neither. |
This map shows a section of campus where on-going construction necessitated substantial edits to the existing rack locations. Polygons which were removed are indicated in red, while polygons which were added are indicated in blue. Purple polygons, where blue overlaps red, means that the original polygon did not need to be edited.
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| Examples of changes made to rack locations. |
To determine whether bike parking adequately served any given part of campus, we compared available rack spaces with the expected peak occupancy of surrounding buildings. In reality, any given rack serves more than one building, and any given building is served by more than one rack. We were unable to model this complex spatial relationship between racks and buildings in the time allotted for the project, so we created the simplified assumption that each rack exclusively serves the nearest building. This assumption allowed us to calculate how many spaces were available for each building.
Research by A.S. B.I.K.E.S., the organization in charge of bicycle affairs on campus, indicates that 80% of students arrive to class by bicycle. Therefore, we decided that a building's parking will be considered adequate if there is enough bicycle parking to accommodate 80% of the building's peak expected occupancy. We than compared the number of spaces with this 80% occupancy estimate, and classified the buildings as either optimal (>100%), adequate (50-100%) and sub-adequate (<50%).
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| Adequacy rating for each building. |
This analysis was complicated by several factors. We only had occupancy data for buildings which have scheduled classes, so heavily used buildings such as the library and university center were excluded from this analysis. Additionally, there are several examples where several buildings share one large bicycle rack, even though our analysis would assigned this rack's capacity to one building. Overall, we determined that Campbell Hall, Ellison Hall, Phelps Hall, and Buchanan Hall all need additional rack capacity. A new rack is scheduled for installation on the eastern side of campus green, but not other racks may be installed in this area due to lack of bicycle path access.
Click
here to download the full final report. Note: contains high resolution map images, so downloads may take a minute.
